Recent Progress in Toner Technologies

George Marshall, Editor
1997
ISBN / ISSN: 0-89208-203-8
456 pages

Member Price: $25.00
Non-Member Price $25.00

"Recent Progress in Toner Technology" is the fourth book in the "Recent Progress" series published by the IS&T. It is intended to give the professional an up-to-date look at currently published research in toner technology in industry and academia. The papers collected in this volume come from a variety of IS&T sources including the Journal for Electronic Imaging, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, and various conference proceedings.

© 1998, The Society for Imaging Science and Technology

The following papers are included in this publication. To read the abstract, click on the paper title.

You may purchase the full text of these papers in PDF format from the asbtract-view screen, or you may return to this page to purchase a hardcopy of the entire publication.

Chapter I: Adhesion

• Toner Adhesion Physics: Measurements of Toner/Substrate Contact Area
  Elliott A. Eklund, William H. Wayman, Leonard J. Brillson, and Dan A. Hays; Wilson Center for Research and Technology, Xerox Corporation pages 1-4.
• Estimation of Toner Adhesive Force by Toner Jumping in Increasing Electric Field
  Yasushi Hoshino, Noboru Kutsuwada, Yoshio Watanabe and Harunobu Izawa; Nippon Institute of Technology pages 5-7.
• Toner Sticking on Doctor Blade in Non-Magnetic Mono-Component Development System
  M. Ikeda, K. Sato, S. Araki and M. Kimura; Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. pages 8-11.
• Characterization of Toner Adhesion to Carrier: A Phenomenological Model
  James C. Maher; Eastman Kodak Company pages 12-15.
• Humidity Sensitivity of the Adhesion of Pigmented Polymer Particles Treated with Surface-Modified Surface Additives
  Mary L. Ott; Xerox Corporation pages 16-20.
• Toner Jumping Characteristics in Electric Field Using Dented Electrode
  Takanobu Muta, Masatomo Kamata, and Yasushi Hoshino; Department of Systems Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology pages 21-23.
• Influence of Charge Particle Size on Adhesion Forces of Toners
  Manabu Takeuchi, Kenichi Noguchi, Masayasu Anzai* and Ryoji Kojima*; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ibaraki University *Katsuta Research Laboratory, Hitachi Koki Co., Ltd. pages 24-27.
• Small Particle Adhesion: Measurement and Control
  M. Ott, E. Eklund, H. Mizes, and D. Hays; Xerox Corporation pages 28-34.
• Centrigugal Measurements of Adhesion Forces of Charged Toner and Polymer Particles
  Manabu Takeuchi, Tomoni Onose, Masayasu Anzai* and Ryoji Kojima*; Ibaraki University *Hitachi Koki Co., Ltd. pages 35-37.

Chapter II: Alternative Applications

• Numerical Simulation of the Toner Jet Method for Nonimpact Printing
  Noboru Kutsuwada, Tsutomu Shohdohji, Harunobu Izawa, Takashi Sugai, and Chun-Wei Lin; Nippon Institute of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Systems Engineering (Japan) pages 39-42.
• Formation and Evaluation of Image Obtained By the Toner Jet Printing Technology
  N. Kutsuwada, T. Shohdohji, T. Sugai, H. Izawa, Chun-Wei Lin and T. Murata*; Department of Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology *Yamanashi Electronics Co., Ltd. pages 43-53.
• A New Printing Method with Transfer of Toners by Flash Light
  Akira Arimoto, Tatsuya Sugita, Teruaki Mitsuya and Yasuo Takuma; Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd. pages 54-56.
• The Role of Traveling Wave Toner Transport in Powder Printing
  Fred W. Schmidlin; XI-Tech pages 57-60.
• A New Ion-Jet Printing Head Controlled by a Low-Voltage Signal
  Yasuo Hosaka, Hitoshi Nagato and Hideyuki Nakao; Toshiba Research & Development Center (Japan) pages 61-65.
• Formation and Evaluation of Images Obtained by the Toner Jet Printing Technology, III
  N. Kutsuwada, T. Shohdohji, C.-W. Lin, and J. Tanabe; Department of Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology (Japan) pages 66-70.
• TonerJet® Color Printing
  Jerome Johnson; Array Printers AB pages 71-73.
• Dynamic Simulation of Toner Particle Motion in a TonerJet Printer
  Jerome Johnson; J-TECH pages 74-77.

Chapter III: Architecture

• The Physics and Chemistry of Metal Oxide Particles in Toners
  Richard P.N. Veregin, Carl P. Tripp and Maria N.V. McDougall; Xerox Research Centre of Canada (Canada) pages 79-81.
• Coloristic Study of Magnetic Toners and Related Print Performance
  Martin Tanner and Claude Meunier*; Ciba Pigments *Nipson Printing Systems pages 82-84.
• Novel Polyesters for Electrophotographic Toners
  Thomas Wunsch and Rainer Dyllick-Brenzinger; BASFAG pages 85-87.
• Organic Pigments for Digital Color Printing
  Ruediger Baur and Hans-Tobias Macholdt; R&D Pigments, Hoechst AG pages 88-91.
• New Magnetographic Toner for Security Printing
  C. Camelin, G. Gerriet, C. Tondeur, and P. Corbobesse*; NIPSON *Imprimerie Nationale pages 92-92.
• Charge Stabilization of Toner Using Polyester Resin
  Norihiro Hayashi and Jun Shimizu; Kao Corporation, Recording & Imaging Science Laboratories pages 93-99.
• A Hybrid Resin for Toner
  Hiroyuki Kawaji, Katsutoshi Aoki, and Kiniyasu Kawabe; Kao Corporation, Recording & Imaging Science Laboratories pages 100-104.
• Charge Control in Colored Toners: Overcompensation versus Neutralisation
  Ulrike Schlosser, Karin Beck, Erwin Czech, Rainer Dyllick-Brenzinger, Udo Mayer, and Gunter Schroder; BASF Aktiengesellschaft pages 105-107.
• Preparation of Nano-Size Magnetic Gamma Ferric Oxide (γ-Fe₂O₃) and Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) Particles for Toner and Color Imaging Applications
  M. Sami Selim, Lyle P. Cunningham, Rajiv Srivastava, and John M. Olson*; Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Refining, Colorado School of Mines *Lexmark International, Inc. pages 108-111.
• Offset Quality "Short Run Colour Printing" Using a Dry 4-Colour Bi-Component Electrophotographic Process
  S.M.F. Tavernier, L. Alaerts and H. Debie; Agfa-Gevaert N.V., R&D-ELE pages 112-116.
• The Surface Modification of Silicas on the Free Flow and Charging Properties of Monocomponent Magnetic Toners
  Herbert Barthel and Mario Heinemann; Wacker-Chemie GmbH pages 117-121.
• Recent Trends in Organic Color Pigments
  H.-T. Macholdt and R. Baur; R&D Pigments, Hoechst AG pages 122-125.
• The Material Design of the Polyester Color Toners
  Masayuki Maruta; Kao Corporation, Recording & Imaging Science Labs. pages 126-130.
• Analysis of the Mixing Conditions of a Toner Dispersion
  H. Gokturk, K. Suenaga, M. Yamazaki, S. Moriyama; Kao Corporation, Recording & Imaging Science Laboratory pages 131-139.

Chapter IV: Charge - Theory, Measurement and Characterization

• Tribocharging of Three-Component Powder Mixtures
  J.H. Anderson and Elizabeth Fox; Office Imaging, Research and Technology Development, Eastman Kodak Company pages 141-143.
• Magnetic Resonance Investigations of Carbon Black Charge Acceptance in Xerographic Toners
  Richard P.N. Veregin; Xerox Research Centre of Canada (Canada) pages 144-146.
• Surface State Models of Tribocharging of Insulators
  J.H. Anderson; Office Imaging, Eastman Kodak Company pages 146-148.
• General Model of Sphere-Sphere Insulator Contact Electrification
  G.S.P. Castle and L.B. Schein*; Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario *IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center pages 149-151.
• Particle Size and Composition Effects on Charging Properties of Toner
  Jean Guay, James Maurer and Theodore Zakrzewski; Lexmark International pages 152-156.
• The Effect of the Finite Size Inlet Tube in the Charge Spectrograph on the Measured Charge Distribution
  E.J. Gutman and J.R. Laing; Xerox Corporation pages 157-160.
• Triboelectric Charging of Some Toner Materials
  Hiroshi Kokado, Masaaki Takahashi and Katsuyoshi Hoshino; Department of Imaging Science, Chiba University pages 161-164.
• Tribocharging Mechanism In A Model Xerographic Toner
  K.Y. Law, I.W. Tarnawskyj, D. Salamida, and T. Debies; Xerox Corporation, Wilson Center for Research & Technology pages 165-168.
• Toner Charge Instability
  Robert J. Nash, Scott M. Silence and Richard N. Muller; Xerox Corporation pages 169-180.
• Charging Characteristics of Polymer-Ionomer Blends
  M.T. Nguyen, K. Kanazawa, D. Fenzel, P. Brock, and A. Diaz; IBM Almaden Research Center pages 181-182.
• Dependence of Toner Tribocharge on Toner Concentration
  Yasusuke Takahashi and Teruki Kishimoto; Department of Electro Photo Optics, Tokai University pages 183-185.
• A New Technique for Measuring the Charge-to-Mass Ratio q/m of a Toner Particle
  Yoichi Yamamoto, Keiji Taniguchi*, Hiroaki Yamamoto*, and Kiyotaka Matsubara*; Product Development Lab., Sharp Company *Information Science, Fukui University pages 186-188.
• A Comparison of Experimental Data and Model Predictions for Tribocharging of Two-Component Electrophotographic Developers
  J.H. Anderson; Office Imaging Research and Technology Development, Eastman Kodak Company pages 189-194.
• Quantitative Charge Spectrometer
  G.P. Gee, L.B. Schein, C.I. Dodds, and K.A. Tran; IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center pages 195-202.
• Surface Adhesion Properties of Field Charged Toners in a High Speed Toner Applicator
  Orrin D. Christy; Moore Research Center pages 203-206.
• A Study on the Tribocharging Behavior for the Two-Component Developers
  Katsuji Ebisu, Takahiro Kashikawa and Norio Sawatari; Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. pages 207-210.
• Small Charge-to-Diameter Measurement Device for Powder Charge
  R.H. Epping and K.H. Schuhbeck; PES-Laboratorium pages 211-213.
• Field Charging Process Consistency with Single Component Non Magnetic Color Toners
  Kevin J. Hook; Moore Research Center pages 214-217.
• Evaluation of Charging Characteristics of CCA by the Cascade Method
  Toshihiko Oguchi; Toshiba Chemical Corporation pages 218-221.
• Quantitative Charge Spectrometer
  Larry B. Schein; Independent Consultant pages 222-224.
• Modeling of the Tribo-Charging Between Toner and Carrier Beads
  Arnold C.-M. Yang, Ching-Yu Chou, and Juei-Tsang Hsu*; National Tsing Hua University *Industrial Technology Research Institute, Opto-Electronics & Systems Laboratories pages 225-229.
• Tribo-charging Between Toners and Carrier Bead Surfaces
  Arnold C.-M. Yang, Ching-Yu Chou, and Sunking Cha*; National Tsing Hua University *Industrial Technology Research Institute, Opto-Electronics & Systems Laboratories pages 230-233.
• The Role of the Electric Field in Triboelectric Charging of Two Component Xerographic Developers
  E.J. Gutman and G.C. Hartmann; Joseph C. Wilson Center for Technology, Xerox Corporation pages 234-244.
• The Role of Water in the Triboelectric Charging of Alkylchlorosilane-Treated Silicas as Toner Surface Additives
  R.P.N. Veregin, C.P. Tripp, M.N.V. McDougall, and D. Osmond; Xerox Research Centre of Canada pages 245-248.
• Application of Time-of-Flight SIMS in Charging Studies of Xerographic Toners
  K.Y. Law, I.W. Tarnawskyj, D. Salamida and T. Debies; Xerox Corporation, Wilson Center for Research and Technology pages 249-250.
• Toner Current Discharge on Conductive Surfaces and Its Use in Charge Level Control
  Orrin D. Christy; Moore Research Center pages 251-254.
• Unusual Relationship Between Toner Charge and Toner Concentration
  J.M. Guay and J.W. Robinson; Nashua Corporation pages 255-258.
• The Relationship between Blowoff Tribo and Charge Spectrograph Measurements
  Paul C. Julien; Wilson Center for Research and Technology, Xerox Corporation pages 259-262.
• Data Processing of Particle Size and Electric Charge of Electrophotographic Toner
  Youichi Nakamura, Yoshinobu Moroboshi, Yutaka Terao, Jun Tanabe, Taro Sekine, Shuji Sasabe*, Toyokazu Yokoyama*, and Malay K. Mazumder#; Nippon Institute of Technology *Hosokawa Micron Corporation #University of Little Rock pages 263-266.
• Development of a Consistent Triboelectric Charging Series Based on Fumed SiO₂ as a Reference Probe Material
  Robert J. Nash and Richard N. Muller; Xerox Corporation pages 267-272.
• A New Blow-off Apparatus for Measuring Intrinsic Toner-Carrier Charges
  Toshihiko Oguchi; Toshiba Chemical Corporation pages 273-276.
• Analysis of Triboelectric Charging Characteristics of Two-Component Developers on Carrier Surface Properties
  Yasusuke Takahashi and Won-Sup Lee; Department of Electro-Photo-Optics, Tokai University (Japan) pages 277-283.
• A New Technique for Measuring Charge Σq and Mass Σm Values of Toner Particles, Part II
  Kenji Taniguchi, Yoichi Yamamoto*, Hiroaki Yamamoto, and Jun Mizukumi; Information Science Dept., Fukui University *Product Development Laboratory, SHARP Corporation pages 284-287.
• The Effect of Water on the Triboelectric Charging of Metal Oxide Particles in Xerograhic Toners
  Richard P.N. Veregin, Carl P. Tripp, Maria N.V. McDougall, Margaret A. Mahon, and David Osmond; Xerox Research Centre of Canada (Canada) pages 288-291.
• Influence of Charge Control Agent and Development Roller Surface on Toner Charging
  Koichi Tsunemi, Yashushi Shinjo, Mitsunaga Saito, and Masahiro Hosoya; Research Laboratory V, Materials and Devices Research Laboratories, Toshiba Corporation (Japan) pages 292-297.

Chapter V: Development and Transfer

• Influence of CCA on Toner Surface: Obtaining High-Quality Images in Monocomponent Non-Magnetic Development
  Koichi Tsunemi, Yashushi Shinjo, Mitsunaga Saito, and Masahiro Hosoya; R&D Center, Toshiba Corporation pages 299-303.
• Microscopic Study of Electrostatic Forces Acting on Toner Particles on a Conductive Medium
  Jean-Jacques P. Eltgen; Nipson Printing Systems pages 304-308.
• Transfuse Mechanisms
  S.S. Hwang; Wilson Center for Research & Technology, Xerox Corporation pages 309-312.
• Measurements of the Effective Dielectric Thickness of Toner Layers in Transfer Systems
  Nancy Y. Jia and Gerald M. Fletcher; Xerox Corporation pages 313-316.
• A Study of Separating Discharge in the Belt Transfer System
  Tomomi Katoh, Masami Kadonaga, Tomoko Takahashi, Itaru Matsuda and Yuko Hayama; Ricoh Co. Ltd. pages 317-320.
• Particle Size-Selective Transfer
  G. Peter and H. Sandholt*; Pelikan Produktions AG *Chalmers University of Technology pages 321-326.
• Properties of Toner Layer in Single Component Developing Process
  Chiseki Yamaguchi and Manabu Takeuchi; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ibaraki University pages 327-331.
• A New Method for Measuring the Image-force to Gravity Force Ratio of a Toner Particle
  Yoichi Yamamoto, Keiji Taniguchi*, Hiroaki Yamamoto*, and Yoshihisa Takahara*; Product Development Lab., SHARP Co. *Information Science Dept., Fukui University pages 332-334.
• An Improved Toner Flow Model for Dual-Component Magnetic Brush Development
  Masayasu Anzai and Yohsuke Saitoh; Katsuta Research Laboratory, Hitachi Koki Co., Ltd. pages 335-340.
• The Effect of Q/M and M/A on a Nonmagnetic Monocomponent Contact Development System under Different DC Bias Voltages
  Juel Tsang Hsu, Yu Siiu Chang and Ker Ming Liu; Opto-Electronics and System Laboratory, ITRI pages 341-345.

Chapter VI: Print Quality

• Predictive Modeling of Color Projection Quality II: Experimental Validation
  Edul N. Dalal, Anthony J. Paine*, Sue E. Blaszak, and Ian D. Morrison; Xerox Corporation *Xerox Research Centre of Canada pages 347-349.
• Predictive Modeling of Color Projection Quality III: Surface Roughness Effects on Transparency Projection Efficiency
  Howard Mizes; Xerox Corporation, Webster Research Center pages 350-353.
• Predictive Modeling of Color Projection Quality I: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Pigment Particles in Toner Layers
  Anthony J. Paine, Edul Dalal*, Sue E. Blaszak*, and Ian D. Morrison*; Xerox Research Centre of Canada (Canada) *Xerox Webster Research Center (USA) pages 354-355.
• The Influence of Toner and Paper Properties on Electrophotographic Print Quality
  Martin Schleusener and Reinhard Apel; Siemens Nixdorf Informations Systeme AG pages 356-358.
• Determination of Wrong-Sign Toner Content by Reflectance Technique
  M.H. Lee, A.R. Lin and H.S. Tom; Hewlett-Packard Laboratories pages 359-362.
• Influence of Toner Particle Shape and Size on Electrophotographic Image Quality
  Chiseki Yamaguchi and Manabu Takeuchi; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ibaraki University (Japan) pages 363-368.

Chapter VII: Polymerized Toner

• Synthesis and Characteristics of Non-Spherical Toner by Polymerization Method
  Mikio Koyama, Kenji Hayashi, Tomoe Kikuchi and Kenji Tsujita; Business Machines Development Division, Konica Corporation pages 369-372.
• LED Page Printer by Using a Polymerizing Toner
  Koichi Miyabe; Okidata, Subsidiary of Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan pages 373-376.
• Cleanerless Electrophotographic Process Using Magnetic Polymerized Toner
  Tsuneo Watanuki, Akira Nagahara*, Sachio Sasaki*, Yoshio Yamaguchi* and Norio Sawatari; Fujitsu Laboratories, Ltd. *Fujitsu Limited pages 377-380.
• Magnetic Toner Prepared by the Suspension Polymerization Method
  Masahisa Ochiai, Masayoshi Masui, Masumi Asanae*, Masaaki Tokunaga#, and Tsutomu Iimura; School of Engineering, Ibaraki University *Kumagaya Works, Hitachi Metals, Ltd. #Magnetic and Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Hitachi Metals, Ltd. pages 381-386.
• Properties of Polymerized Toners
  M. Kamiyama, M. Maeda, H. Totsuka, and T. Hamanaka; Technical Research Laboratory, Tomoegawa Paper Co. Ltd. pages 387-392.
• Toner with Graduated Resin Composition Made by Suspension Polymerization Technique
  Makoto Fukuda, Satoshi Takezawa, Tsuneo Watanuki, and Norio Sawatari; Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. pages 393-395.

Chapter VIII: Review

• Electrostatic Marking Technologies Recent Advances and Future Outlook
  L.B. Schein; IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center pages 397-400.

Chapter IX: Rheology and Fusing

• Dimensional Analysis on Toner Fusing Process
  Chih-Hung Chen and Tsai-Bou Yang; Opto-Electronics and System Laboratories, ITRI pages 401-403.
• The Effect of Toner Rheological Properties on Fusing Performance
  Masaki Nakamura; Material Research Laboratory, Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. pages 404-407.
• The Effect of Paper Properties on Fusing Fix
  D.J. Sanders, D.F. Rutland, and W.K. Istone*; Xerox Research Centre of Canada (Canada) *Chamption International (USA) pages 408-412.
• The Rheology and Adhesion of Magnetic Monocomponent Toners
  Derek E. Wilson and J. Patrick N. Haxell; Coates Electrographics pages 413-416.
• The Influence of Paper Roughness and Toner Properties on Fusing Quality
  Reinhard Apel, Joseph Knott, Martin Schleusener and Benno Petschik; Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG pages 417-419.
• Print Quality in Hot Air Fusing of Toners
  Jali Heilmann, Ismo Heikkila, Marianne Majava, and Pirkko Oittinen; Helsinki University of Technology pages 420-424.
• Factors Influencing the Selection of Materials for Flash Fusing Pressure Sensitive Conductive Magnetic Monocomponent Toners
  Ian S. Neilson; Coates Electrographics Limited pages 425-428.
• Analysis of the Thermal Absorption by Flash Fusible Toner
  Teruaki Mitsuya and Melany L. Hunt*; Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd. (Japan) *Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology (USA) pages 429-433.
• A Hybrid Resin for Toner II
  Katsutoshi Aoki, Hiroyuki Kawaji and Kuniyasu Kawabe; Kao Corporation, Recording & Imaging Science Labs. pages 434-437.
• Control of the Rheological Properties of Toners for the Simultaneous Fusing System
  Shinji Moriyama, Masayuki Maruta and Yoshihiko Kasahara; Kao Corporation, Recording & Imaging Science Labs. pages 438-442.
• Internal Release Agents for Electrophotographic Toners
  T.E. Karis and C.M. Seymour; IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center pages 443-453.